The Historical Background of Tae Kwon Do

The history of Tae Kwon Do is rich and deeply interwoven with the cultural and historical fabric of Korea. This ancient martial art has evolved significantly over the centuries, merging elements of various fighting styles and philosophies to become the modern discipline we recognize today.

Origins in Ancient Korea

The earliest records of martial arts in Korea date back to around 50 B.C., with evidence found in paintings on the ceilings of the Muyong-chong, a royal tomb from the Koguryo dynasty. These paintings depict unarmed combatants using techniques that are strikingly similar to those of modern Tae Kwon Do, such as the use of knife hands, fists, and classical fighting stances.

The Role of Hwa Rang Do

One of the most significant early influences on Tae Kwon Do was the Hwa Rang Do, an elite group of young noblemen from the Silla dynasty. Formed initially as a military academy, the Hwa Rang Do adopted the martial art of Taek Kyon as part of their training. This group not only trained in combat but also studied history, Confucian philosophy, ethics, Buddhist morality, and military tactics. Their guiding principles of loyalty, filial duty, trustworthiness, valor, and justice laid the foundation for the moral and ethical code of modern Tae Kwon Do.

Medieval Development

During the Koryo dynasty (918-1392 AD), the study of martial arts, particularly Soobak, reached its peak. Supported by the royal family, those skilled in Soobak were often considered for promotion in the military or civil service. However, the following Choson dynasty (1392-1910 AD) saw a decline in martial arts due to the rise of Confucian ideals, which deemed such activities as inferior.

Impact of Japanese Occupation

The Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945 had a profound impact on Korean martial arts. The Japanese banned the practice of all Korean martial arts, forcing them to be practiced in secret. Despite the ban, martial arts saw a resurgence post-liberation in 1945, leading to the formation of various schools and styles of Korean martial arts, including Tang Soo Do, Kwon Bup, and Kong Soo Do.

The Birth of Modern Tae Kwon Do

Modern Tae Kwon Do began to take shape in the mid-20th century. General Choi Hong Hi, often referred to as the father of modern Tae Kwon Do, played a pivotal role in this transformation. After Korea's liberation from Japan in 1945, General Choi and other martial arts masters began to unify the various schools of Korean martial arts. In 1955, the name "Tae Kwon Do" was officially adopted, combining the techniques of Taek Kyon and elements of Japanese Karate, which General Choi had also studied.

Global Spread and Modern Developments

After its official naming, Tae Kwon Do rapidly gained popularity, both in Korea and internationally. In 1959, the Korean Taekwondo Association was founded with General Choi as its first president. By the 1960s, Tae Kwon Do had spread worldwide, reaching countries such as the United States, Germany, and Vietnam. The establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in 1973 further cemented its status as a global martial art.

Philosophy and Techniques

Tae Kwon Do is distinguished by its emphasis on high, fast kicks and powerful leg techniques. The art incorporates both linear movements from Japanese systems and circular movements from Chinese styles. However, Tae Kwon Do is not merely a physical discipline; it also places great importance on the moral development of its practitioners, reflecting the ethical codes of the Hwa Rang Do.

Tae Kwon Do in the Modern Era

Today, Tae Kwon Do is practiced by millions around the world and is recognized as an Olympic sport. It continues to evolve, blending traditional techniques with modern practices while maintaining its philosophical roots. The sport is governed by both the WTF and the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), each emphasizing different aspects of the art, such as full-contact sparring or traditional forms and techniques.

Conclusion

Tae Kwon Do has a rich and complex history that spans thousands of years. From its ancient origins in Korea, through its development by the Hwa Rang Do, its suppression during Japanese occupation, and its resurgence and formalization in the 20th century, Tae Kwon Do has evolved into a global phenomenon. Today, it stands as a testament to the enduring spirit and cultural heritage of Korea, embodying both physical prowess and moral integrity.